Anaphylaxis
Here’s a story:
Me and my partner get sent out for an emergency, chief complaint: sore throat. Now for the most part I am pretty good with dumb calls, I don’t like them and do think they are a tax on our system, but until laws change we have to deal with them. My partner is another matter, he is quick to point something like this out to the patient, doesn’t usually have any effect other than making a patient upset at him but I guess it gives him some satisfaction.
As we approach the scene we see a female patient walking towards the unit and looking panicked. Hives present on her face, neck and chest, that sore throat is actually anaphylaxis. The patient is a 50 year old female with no past medical history, no known allergies, no current medications. In fact when I try to explain an allergic reaction to her it seems she has never heard of it.
We begin treatment and start taking some quick vitals and place patient on an ECG monitor. This turned out to be a very necessary step. I know for my system it is standard practice to place any patient on ECG monitoring whenever any medication is being administered. I also know of many systems that run in BLS or intermediate systems that will administer benadryl and use the Epi pen without cardiac monitoring.
We administered benadryl and oxygen. As we administer epi at 0.3 mg the patient initially reacts as expected, she goes a little tachycardic, she says she can feel the medicine working and it makes her feel anxious. What surprised us was when the patient goes into a run of ventricular tachycardia followed by bigeminy pvcs. It was self limiting and as I took a 12 lead of the patient all ectopy was gone.
As we entered the ER the nursing staff put us into a cardiac room and immediately ordered blood work looking for cardiac markers.
Why?
Was it because of the run of ventricular tachycardia? Of course, but why?
Fact of the matter is the patient has just failed a stress test. We, I always say we in my unit, saved this patient not only from the anaphylaxis but we may have also clued her in to a cardiac condition that could have led dormant until it became lethal. This is one of the reasons we should always be monitoring ECG when administering any medications.
Now this I print with a big emphasis towards paramedics. Obviously if you are running a BLS unit or with just an intermediate you should treat anaphylaxis as per your protocol. Epi and benadryl should never be withheld on the basis of no ECG monitor available. I am a big advocate of quick and effective treatment for anaphylaxis as I have seen some patients deteriorate rapidly. As paramedics we should use all of our tools at our disposal, cutting corners on patient care should not become part of our protocol just because we can get away with it.
I added a few pictures of bigeminy pvc’s I found online, I do not own the rights to them.
The Art of Self-Reliance
The Art of Self-Reliance
No man who is not willing to help himself has any right to apply to his friends, or to the gods.- DemosthenesI teach occasionally. The first thing I start with when I teach any first aid or CPR courses is explaining how important it is for everyone to be self-reliant. At least to a degree. Now let me explain, I’m not talking about having 6 months worth of food in a bomb proof underground bunker (if I could afford it I might consider it) what I’m talking is about being self-reliant with the basics of survival. I’m talking about everyone knowing basic CPR, yes the no breaths version is perfectly fine. Everyone should know the basics of the Heimlich maneuver. Everyone, and I mean everyone, from Elementary school to adults should know the basics of controlling a bleed. I have been called to assaults where a small laceration to the temple area have made people look like they were shot with a 50 cal just because no one on scene decided to apply pressure. The times that a tourniquet needs to be used on an artery or venous bleed are far less common and so I don’t consider them extreme necessities but they do occur and I don’t understand why people wouldn’t want to have this skill. It’s one of those skills that I would rather have and never need than need one day and not have. What about anaphylactic reactions? Come on people, every day there are more and more people having allergic reactions to a wider and wider range of items. Learning simple symptoms can save someone’s life. Learning the difference between an allergic reaction and an anaphylactic reaction could give a person a fighting chance. I’m not talking about the technical terms either, just know if someone is showing a lot of itching, trouble breathing, hives, swelling or a sudden case of wheezing they are having an anaphylactic reaction. Knowing that over the counter Benadryl (diphenhydramine) can help but is not the definitive treatment if it’s a true anaphylactic reaction is also crucial. Or what about this one, get called out to a residence for possible MI, because the person has left sided paralysis and they’ve already administered aspirin. Knowing the difference between a heart attack and a stroke is pretty extreme. Even so I see many people mistake the two. Know that weakness to one side of the body, facial drooping and slurred speech is a sign of a stroke and remembering that the time of onset of the symptoms is vital to a possible recovery. A heart attack usually presents with pain to the chest radiating somewhere and does not improve with breathing or position of the body. Both have time fighting against them, but each has their own treatment protocols. Aspirin should not be given to a possible stroke patient under any circumstances unless a physician is ordering it for that specific patient. Another common problem is dehydration and heat related emergencies. Just because young kids have tons of energy and are able to run around like if they’re never going to run out of steam doesn’t mean parents should let them. Knowing that dehydration is something easier prevented than dealt with once you are having symptoms is important. Once someone that is dehydrated begins to vomit it is going to get more difficult to get him hydrated. If, however, parents, coaches and trainers can remember to keep everyone hydrated during exercise, sports events or just a hot day out in the park you can avoid any problems. What if the kid doesn’t want to drink water during play? Make it mandatory in order for them to continue to play. The main thing about being self-reliant is also knowing when you are reaching your limit. I have touched a few times on the misuse of the 911 system and in the future will be trying to look at that issue further, for now however, I am going to say that while self-reliance has it’s purpose there is also a limit. Everyone needs to know that there are certain things that we are going to need help with, such as a real injury, an ongoing stroke, an active heart attack, and a thousand other things that should prompt us to call the emergency number. No one should ever wait to see if the left sided paralysis they are feeling is going to wear off. No one should see if that chest pain that is causing them to have shortness of breath and dizziness will be helped by an Rolaid. It’s crazy that sometimes the people that least need an ambulance call for one and the patients that should have called wait until hours if not days later to call? Self-reliance, at least to a moderate degree, should be something all of us strive for. We never know when it might come in handy.
12 lead diagram for both left and right side.
On right ventricular MI.
(As a general disclaimer, you should never go outside of your protocol or medical direction. Depending on what state you live in you could be decertified, brought into legal complications if possible actions cause patient harm, and you could harm a patient. The following discussion is being introduced as informative, and if you agree with it should be presented to your administration for their consideration, only after you yourself have vetted all information.) Also I meant this to be a small post, sorry it ran long.
I hear it too often, chest pain of possible cardiac origin, use nitroglycerin. On the whole it seems like a reasonable assumption. We reduce preload with nitroglycerin, we reduce the workload that the heart has and thus we reduce the oxygen consumption that is necessary from the myocardium. If it’s angina we may completely eliminate the problem, if it is not angina we will know it because the pain will not be relieved and we will also provide the heart with a slightly better possible outcome since we have done all of these beneficial things for the heart.
If it is not angina we will still have reduced preload, reduced the myocardium workload, and reduced the hearts oxygen consumption.
There are a few contraindications to nitroglycerin use. The big ones we all know are not to use it with a patient that has taken Viagra or other ED medications within 24 hours. We know not to use nitro with a patient that is hypotensive because of possible further lowering of the blood pressure. Obviously if the patient is allergic to nitro we can’t use it on them. There is another small but very important precaution for it’s use and that is that it should not be used with patients that have a right ventricular MI.
The reason we should not use nitroglycerin with a patient that is having a right sided ventricular MI is that according to William E. Gandy at EMSWORLD:
The right ventricle is not designed to provide systemic circulation. Its purpose is to pump blood through the lungs and pulmonary circuit. Thus, the pressures it is required to produce are less, and it has a thinner wall than the left ventricle, which must pump blood throughout the body.
” Its functional abilities are dependent upon preload, or the volume of venous return to the heart, principally during diastole, since veins do not have muscular walls to keep blood moving as do the arteries. The right atria and ventricle have relatively little “suction” from contractions to pull blood into them.
So a reduction in venous return will result in diminished pumping pressure by the right ventricle, diminished pulmonary circulation, diminished left ventricular filling, diminished cardiac output, diminished systemic blood pressure and, if not corrected, possible dysrhythmias, shock and death.”
All of this because we followed our protocol and administered nitroglycerin to a patient with chest pain.
So first how can we ever determine if the MI is right ventricular in nature?
The first classic sign is hypotension. Consider most patients that complain of extreme chest pain, many times the pain alone can cause the elevation in blood pressure. If that elevation is absent or actually becoming hypotensive and we don’t see the patient taking medications that may lower it, such as beta blockers, we may be able to begin to see signs of a right sided ventricular MI.
12 lead ECG monitoring has steadily been receiving more and more importance in early detection. It is true that on a standard ECG we can’t see right ventricular MIs. What we can do is figure out when to “suspect” them.
Quick note on 12 leads: if you have the ability to do 12 leads do them on all patients that require them. Do them and do them often. It is not only a skill reading them, it is also a skill obtaining them. I have seen doctors and nurses fumble on obtaining them. I have also seen techs get such a clear and quick 12 lead it would surprise you. I’m not saying one person is smarter or better than the other. I am saying practicing this skill can dramatically decrease your time in obtaining a 12 lead. Also it doesn’t take long to obtain the 12 lead. It does take long if you don’t know which pocket on the monitor you have the 12 lead cables, once you find the cables they don’t have the electrodes attached, and now you can’t find the electrodes. With practice you can finish a 12 lead in about the amount of time it takes your partner to prep an IV bag.
If we see ST elevation indicating an inferior MI, which would be ST elevation in leads 2, 3, and avf we should consider a right side MI and do a right sided 12 lead.
A 12-lead tracing that shows ST segment elevation in any of the inferior leads (II, III or aVF), or relative ST segment depression in V2 or V3 compared with lead V1, should immediately trigger acquisition of a right-sided 12-lead (Gandy).
In a standard 12 lead we would place the limb leads on the limbs, V1 would go on the 4th intercostal space just right of the sternum, V2 on the 4th intercostal space just left of the sternum, V3 between V2 and V4, V4 on the 5th intercostal space midclavicular line, V5 level with V4 anterior axillary, V6 midaxillary level with V5.
On a right sided 12 lead we would place V1 where V2 normally goes, V2 where V1 normally goes and the rest of the leads using the same landmarks you would use only on the right side of the chest. Thus V4 would go 5th intercostal space Right midclavicular. V3 between V2 and V4. V5 level with V4 anterior axillary, V6 Right midaxillary level with V5.
(I will attach a picture of what I described above but I do not own the rights to it so I may have to remove it.)
Once we have obtained the right sided 12 lead we can look for ST elevation in V4. If we see ST elevation in V4 a right sided MI can be diagnosed. At the very minimum we should contact medical control and advise them of possible right sided MI and request specific orders. Hypotension should be combated both with fluid resuscitation as well as dobutamine or dopamine if dobutamine is not available. Of course fluid resuscitation should be done with careful monitoring of lung sounds as pulmonary edema should be avoided.
I hope I have helped shed some light on right sided MIs and I will be posting link below to a great online article on the subject. AMLS also has some great information on the subject and that is where I got the picture I posted above as well as some of the information in this article. It was in an AMLS class I first completely understood right sided MIs. I highly encourage medics to take that class.
Any questions or comments feel free to drop me a line as a comment or email.
http://www.emsworld.com/article/10321209/recognition-and-treatment-of-right-ventricular-myocardial-infarctionShould Epi be used in cardiac arrest?
In a new article by JAMA the effects of epinephrine in cardiac arrests is actually to a patient’s overall survivability. Very interesting article and am looking forward to the follow ups.
